ABSTRACT
The costus Saussurea lappa is a well-known medicinal plant that has been widely used in the traditional medicinesin many Asian countries. Here, we report on the chemistry of the ethanol and water extracts of S. lappa roots usinggas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. We further tested their antimicrobial activities againstStaphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve) and Salmonella sp. (Gram –ve) isolates. The GC/MS analysis indicate that theethanol extract has more compounds (37) than does the aqueous extract (18) with sesquiterpene lactones as the mostabundant compounds in both extracts. The results reveal that the ethanol extract has significant antimicrobial activityagainst S. aureus isolate with 18–20 mm zone of inhibition, while no effect was observed against Salmonella sp. Incontrast, weak effects were found in the water extract against S. aureus and no effect against Salmonella sp. isolate.Together with the GC/MS analyses, we conclude that the ethanol extract contains active secondary metabolites thatmay have a specific activity likely in a synergy effects with other metabolites against Gram +ve bacteria, but not Gram–ve isolate. Further experiments are needed to clarify the specific effects of S. lappa ethanol extracts against Gram+ve bacteria
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of HD on zinc and copper level among CKD patients. A cross-sectional study included 40 subjects (15 female and 25 male) from academic hospital aged (22-80 years old) were included, timed pre and post-hemodialysis samples were collected. Serum zinc, copper, urea and creatinine were measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy 210-VGP® and Mindray Bs-200 respectively, and BMI was estimated. Paired t-test analyses showed significant decrease in mean copper, urea and creatinine with p-value (0.025, 0.000 and 0.000) respectively, while significant increase was observed in zinc level p-value 0.035. Person's correlation showed positive correlation between change in zinc level and reduction in urea, and no correlation noted between change in serum copper level and reduction in urea and creatinine. In conclusion HD decrease copper and increase zinc as both are antagonists, might play a vital role in pathogenesis of related disorders in CKD Patients.